Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by dyspnea caused by the destruction of the lung parenchyma due to chronic inflammation, hypersecretion of airway mucus, and pathological changes in the airway lumen.

Currently, there is no specific treatment for COPD.

COPD is a heterogeneous disease, and each patient has different susceptibility. Therefore, biomarkers are needed for precise treatment to prevent death by identifying disease status and predicting the occurrence of exacerbations.